Effects of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs)

Effects of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) Spectral analysis, thermal behavior, XRD and morphology study in synthesis of carbon nanotubes decorated by Cysteamine Or A simple and efficient procedure for synthesis of Thiolic Composite with use Oxide Multi Walled Carbon Nanotube Or A simple and efficient procedure for synthesis of composite thiol with use oxide multi walled carbon nanotube and sulfur Or Behnam Maazinejad, Hamidreza Sadegh, Imran Ali, Ramin Shahryari Ghoshekandi, Vahid Ali Abstract In this paper, the effects of multi-Walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were studied as supports for the synthesis of MWCNT-COOH-Cysteamine nanocomposite. At first Purification MWCNT in H2SO4 and HNO3, solved and the solution earned ultrasound was to attain the equilibrium temperature to functionalization of carboxylate multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT-COOH). Then using Cysteamine hydrochloride and NHS and DMF and EDC and MWCNT-COOH the mixture was refluxing. The prepared on thiol derivatized nanocomposite were analyzed by X-ray Diffraction, Scanning electron microscope, FTIR spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEM) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). Keywords MWCNTs, Carbon nanotubes, Functionalization, Cysteamine, Surface modification, Nanocomposite, Thiol, CNT 1. Introduction Nanotechnology is significantly impressive Science and Economy in the 21st century [1]. Carbon, in different forms, has been long used as the main constituent material of solid electrodes as a further too metal electrodes [2]. After the first Iijima elucidation of their structures in 1991 [3], carbon nanotubes have attracted considerable interdisciplinary interest [4]. Carbon nanotubes are promising additives for thermoplastics, due to their superior mechanical, thermal, magnetic and electrical properties [5]. To optimize the potential applications of carbon nanotubes, it is essential to modify the carbon nanotubes with functional groups and/or nanoparticles in order to integrate the carbon nanotubes into desired structures or attach suitable nanostructures to them [6]. Carbon nanotubes possess high flexibility, large aspect ratios (Normally >1000), unique internal structures, electrical conductivity, high chemical activity, low mass density, high electro active surface area, thermal stability and great mechanical strength [7]. CNTs have extraordinary electrical conductivity and heat conductivity and mechanical properties, they are probably the top electron field-emitter possible, and their material properties can accordingly approach closely the very high levels intrinsic to them [8]. Hence, CNT’s have received considerable attention for usage in chemistry and environmental remediation [9]. CNTs represent an exquisite class of nanomaterials that stepped into the nanomedicine arena not more than a decade behind [10]. The two main types of carbon nanotubes are the single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), yet there are some other rare types such as fullerite, torus, and nanoknot [11]. Surface functional groups can modify the surface charge, functionality and reactivity of the surface, and increase the stability, and dispensability of Different materials [12-13]. Organic sulfur compounds are wide-spreading in numerous natural products and widely used as multiple artificial chemicals [14]. The structure and surface chemistry of organic thin films is a research region related to several interfacial processes, including biological events, lubrication, adhesion, wettability, corrosion, electrochemistry, and microelectronic fabrication. To acquire the optimum performance of a material or device in one of these applications, the organic thin film must be prepared with the right type, concentration, and arrangement of functional handle. Functionalization of carbon nanotubes is found to be an efficient way of modification processes which in public is divided in two main categories: noncovalent and covalent. Covalent functionalization is an irretrievable process of appendag e on the nanotube walls or tips it is based on the formation of a covalent coupling between functional entities and the carbon skeleton of nanotubes. Non-covalent functionalization is based on supramolecular complexation using different adsorption forces, such as van der Waals, hydrogen bonds, electrostatic force and Ï€-Ï€ stacking interactions. [57.15-55-56]. Thiols are the maximum reactive nucleophilic reagents among altogether the biological models investigated [16]. Thiol group is an alright ligand because of its strong affinity to various heavy metal ions as a result of Lewis acid–base interactions [17]. To various heavy metal ions as a result of Lewis acid–base interactions [3]. Thiol Derivatives paper Cysteamine an aminothiol, is used to decrease tissue cystine content in patients with nephropathic cystinosis, an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder in which intracellular cystine accumulates due to impaired redeploy out of lysosomes [18]. Cysteamine is a sulfhydryl containing compound which appears to arise from the decarboxylation of cysteine or the breakdown of pantetheine [19]. Scheme 1. Is a schematic Cysteamine. [20] Scheme 1. Cysteamine Table 2: Structure and characteristics of Cysteamine [21] Cysteamine () is one of the simplest molecules able to bond with the each atoms surface through its sulfur and nitrogen atoms and a prerequisite for the design of compact monolayers with acceptable properties is a fundamental understanding of the forces captive in the self-assembly process, and the characterization of the film at the molecular level [22]. Cysteamine as drug applications that have been noted in the table 3 below: Table 3 In this study, we functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes with carboxyl group and thiol-derivatized via condensation reaction between carboxylated-MWCNT powders and Cysteamine. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, TEM and TGA were used to characterize the presence of Cysteamine on the MWCNT-COOH surface. 2. Experimental Procedures 2.1. Materials Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with Purity 95 %, outer diameter and length and manufacturing method catalytic chemical vapor deposition were purchased from US Research Nanomaterials, Inc. Sulfuric acid (97 %, AR grade) and nitric acid (37%, AR grade) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF:98%), 1-ethyl-(3-3’-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC: 97%), N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS: 99%) were purchased from Merck Millipore and Cysteamine hydrochloride (99%) were purchased from sigma Aldrich and used as received unless otherwise stated. 2.2 Characterization methods 2.2.1 X-ray diffraction (XRD) X-ray diffraction studies were carried out with an X-ray diffractometer (Model No. D8-Advance, Bruker AXS). 2.1.2 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) The functional groups on the MWCNTs surface were determined using Fourier transform infrared FTIR method (VERTEX 70, Brucker). FTIR spectrum of MWCNTS was recorded in the range of 4000– 400 using pellets method. 2.2.3 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) The morphologies and sizes of the nano-structures were characterized by transmission electron microscope â€Å"TEM† (PHILIPS EM 208). 2.2.4 Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out using a TG Labsys DSC, Setaram. 2.2.5 Scanning electron microscope (SEM) The size and morphology of MWCNTs was investigated by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (VEGA3, TESCAN). 2.3 Synthesis method At first [1] (1g) was treated with 20% hydrochloric acid for 120 min sonication, to remove impurities such as residual catalysts and amorphous carbons in the phase of synthesis , Then the sample was filtered with Millipore membrane filter 0.22 and washed many successive times with distilled water. 2.3.1 Oxidation of MWCNTs Multi-walled carbon nanotubes was synthesized by a formerly reported method [52-53]. 0.75 g of pristine MWCNTs was added to 180ml mixture of concentrated HNO3 and H2SO4 (1:3, v/v) and then ultrasonicated for a course of 140 min. then mixture was transferred to a flask equipped with a condenser and was refluxed with drastic shocking at 75 for 6 h. After cooling to Ambient temperature the mixture was filtered with filters paper and filtrated solid was washed thoroughly by deionized water until the filtrate pH was close to neutral. The filter sample was then dried in a vacuum oven at 80 oC for 120 min. The sample was abbreviated as MWCNT-COOH. 2.3.2 [1] Pavani, K. V., Gayathramma, K., Banerjee, A., Suresh, S. (2013). Phytosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Extracts of Ipomoea i ndica Flowers. American Journal of Nanomaterials, 1(1), 5-8. [2] Garcà ­a-Gonzà ¡lez, R., Fernà ¡ndez-La Villa, A., Costa-Garcà ­a, A., Fernà ¡ndez-Abedul, M. T. (2013). Dispersion studies of carboxyl, amine and thiol-functionalized carbon nanotubes for improving the electrochemical behavior of screen printed electrodes. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 181, 353-360. [3] Sanagi, M. M., Hussain, I., Ibrahim, W. A. W., Yahaya, N., Kamaruzaman, S., Abidin, N. N. Z., Ali, I. (2014). 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A Touchdown on Friendship

It was my uncle who made me realize that love could be shared to anyone or anything. Love could be shared with friends, it could be expressed through one’s passion, and it could even be shared with a favorite pet.   Through my uncle’s pet, I learned the true meaning of friendship and the true meaning of love.My uncle asked me to temporarily adopt his dog one summer since he would be moving out of the country due to work related issues.   I had no idea why he chose me to take care of his dog when he knew that I was quite irresponsible at the age of twelve.Maybe, it was the exact reason why he gave me the responsibility. The Dog’s name was Touchdown, a black Labrador who was already a year old. The first few days were torture for me.My room was located near the backyard where I initially placed Touchdown and he would howl his way to sleep. I assumed that he was missing my uncle and ignored his cries. However, three days of sleepless nights forced me to give him a check. The minute I opened the backdoor of the house, he pushed his way in and walked right to my bedroom.Right then and there, it was declared that my room was also his room. I normally woke up late since there was no school to worry about. My mother would often rap at my door to make sure that I woke up early and help with the chores. When Touchdown became my roommate, he also became my alarm clock. He would bark continuously to wake me so I could let him out to do his thing.While Touchdown has become a permanent fixture in my bedroom, he still seemed wary around me. There were times that he would still bark at me when I come home or he would ignore the commands I asked him.I complained this to my uncle during one of his phone calls. He told me that I have to gain Touchdown’s trust and show him my authority so that he would follow my commands.One dog lover friend told me that I have to spend more time with Touchdown to attain these. My bond with Touchdown grew as the wee ks passed by. He became my regular buddy and became a part of my peer group as well. I could consider the bond that we had as a genuine friendship between a child and a dog. I would have to say that Touchdown taught me what unconditional love meant.No matter how I scolded him and no matter how I neglected him when I was busy with other things he still remained loyal, affectionate, and trusting. Although he never talked to me, he had communicated his unconditional love to me with more than words. His actions told me that he was always there whenever I needed him. His love was unselfish and limitless.Touchdown changed my life that summer. When the summer ended, my uncle came back and took Touchdown with him. I was sad that Touchdown was leaving but was happy when I saw my uncle’s face and Touchdown’s reaction when they finally reunited. They looked so happy to see each other again. As much as I would have liked Touchdown to stay, I knew that he would be happier with my u ncle.I know my uncle wanted me to learn new things by giving me the responsibility of taking care of his dog. I am not sure, however, if he knew how deep the impact was. I am grateful that my uncle entrusted me his beloved dog one summer.Through Touchdown, I have learned the true meaning of friendship and love. Loving a friend means giving unconditional love, trust, and support. Learning that from a dog that could not even talk only proves that action speaks louder than words.

Childbirth and Midwifery Caring Person Essay

Midwifery became my passion at the age of 10, when my step-mother became pregnant. This sparked off my fascination with all aspects of pregnancy, insisting that I attended every antenatal appointment that I could. From this I discovered what a vital role midwives play in caring for mother and baby in the months leading up to the birth, the labour and the postnatal period. After having this interest for quite some time, I feel my aim now is to prosper in this subject by attending a university course; this will enable me to gain a greater understanding of the medical and practical side of midwifery. As two of my core qualities is to care and nurture, I feel I possess two of the vital attributes to pursue a career within the Health and My aspiration for a career in midwifery is reflected in my A-level choices, where good time keeping, self-motivated study skills and ability to cope under pressure and stress are essential. From studying Biology I have gained further knowledge of human biology, learning more about how our major body organs function and genes and genetic engineering. I found this particularly interesting as it is linked to reproduction. Since studying Psychology, I have gained a better understanding of people and how their minds perform. I can apply this knowledge to the way I interact and understand people in certain situations as my interpersonal skills have been expanded. Both of these subjects tested my ability to recall large volumes of knowledge, which has given me practice for similar situations that I will face whilst studying for a degree. Studying modules in Health and Social Care such as communication and values, and positive care environments has given me a greater awareness of how to communication verbally and physically to people, and how this is interpreted by them. Investigating disease has made me conscious of how easily diseases are spread, their effects and ways of preventing them. This is particularly important when working in a hospital environment, and being around pregnant women and young babies, as they are highly susceptible to infections. I am currently working on an Extended Project Qualification, my title is ‘What are the risks associated with teenage pregnancy and what are the roles of their midwives? ‘ Whilst carrying out this project I have learnt more about the challenges midwives face, and how they overcome them. It has also given me an insight into a specialist area of midwifery, caring for young people. Outside my academic studies, I volunteer at my local hospital. My role is to hand out beverages to the patients, and talk to them. This is important as it boosts their morale. I regularly volunteer on the maternity and gynaecology ward, and have experience on many other wards. This has given me an insight into the roles of different health professionals, and witness part of the process of midwifery. From this I have become more confident and comfortable in a hospital setting, and have a greater awareness of current NHS practices. This experience has also expanded my interpersonal and communication skills, I feel it also represents the committed and caring attitude of my personality. I have a part-time job in a clothes shop. From working in a retail environment and coming into contact with members of the public I have learnt how to work under pressure. It has also improved my organisational and time keeping skills and demonstrated the hardworking side of my character. I am excited by the prospect of having a high level of responsibility and independence that corresponds with university life. I am aware of the demands and challenges that I will face during my studies and within in a medical career, but my commitment and desire to become a midwife has been strengthened by my life and work experiences and the job satisfaction that I will gain from it. To gain practical experience I have recently applied

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